Publications
Gokkus, K., Unal, S., Gokkus, Z., Ozbal, A., Gur, M., Cavus, M. S., ... & Bütün, V. (2026). Hyper crosslinked polymers based hydrogen generation: A combined mechanistic, statistical and machine learning approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 206, 153387.
DOI
DOI
This study aimed to i) determine the effects of different functional groups, both individually and synergistically, on catalytic performance in hydrogen production, ii) elucidate the pathways through which the catalytic mechanism occurs according to functional groups, and iii) successfully integrate machine learning algorithms, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and ANalysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) methods into catalyst studies. In this respect, this study is a pioneering study as one of the most comprehensive studies on catalysts in the literature. To achieve these objectives, four new hypercross-linked polymers (HCPs) were designed and synthesized with resorcinol, 1-naphthol, and diphenylamine. HCPs were used as catalysts in hydrogen production by methanolysis of NaBH4. Under optimum conditions, a maximum of 11571 mL H2.min−1∙g−1 of hydrogen gas was produced. The functional group effects and the catalytic mechanism were elucidated by XPS, SEM, BET, zeta potential, and DFT analyses. Ridge regression, Artificial Neural Networks (Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest Regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) Regression (R2 = 0.962), and CatBoost Regression (R2 = 0.965) machine learning methods were successfully implemented to predict the H2 production volume (mL) (Output) based on key reaction parameters (Inputs: HCP type, Temperature (°C), NaBH4 amount (mg), Catalyst amount (mg), and Reaction Time (s)). These ML approaches were integrated with ANFIS and ANCOVA statistical methods, completing a comprehensive predictive and mechanistic model study for our hyper-crosslinked polymer catalysts.
Gokkus, K., Ozbal, A., Gür, M., Akalin, S. A., Senturan, U.M., Bütün, V. (2026). Fluoranthene-based metal-free hyper-crosslinked polymers for NaBH4 methanolysis: mechanistic role of surface-charge effects Fuel, 421, 139061.
Fluoranthene-based hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) were synthesized via Friedel–Crafts alkylation and evaluated as metal-free catalysts for hydrogen generation through NaBH4 methanolysis. Despite moderate hydrogen-generation rates relative to some polymeric systems, the catalysts exhibited distinct structure-activity behavior that could not be explained by surface area or heteroatom content alone. Notably, HCP-4 achieved the highest hydrogen-generation rate (31200 mL H2 min-1 gcat-1 at 333.15 K), whereas HCP-1 showed the lowest apparent activation energy (23.6 kJ mol-1), indicating decoupled kinetic and textural contributions. Zeta-potential analysis revealed pronounced reaction-induced surface-charge modulation, identifying interfacial electrostatics as a dominant mechanistic factor governing hydride activation. These findings demonstrate that π-conjugated polymer architecture and surface-charge regulation, rather than conventional structural descriptors, control catalytic behavior in metal-free NaBH4 methanolysis.
Gokkus, K., Ozbal, A., Gür, M., Akalin, S. A., & Bütün, V. (2026). Functional hyper-crosslinked polymers as advanced materials for hydrogen generation via sodium borohydride methanolysis. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 323, 118863.
Air pollution caused by fossil fuels is the biggest problem humanity has ever created, and clean energy sources like hydrogen are seriously needed to solve it. Therefore, in this study, four phenanthrene-based hyper-crosslinked polymers (PTHCP-1–4) were synthesized via Friedel–Crafts alkylation and characterized by FTIR, BET, SEM, XPS, TGA, and zeta potential measurements. The BET surface areas ranged from 518.9 to 908.8 m2 g-1, with PTHCP-4 showing the highest value, while pore volumes varied between 0.24 and 1.60 cm3 g-1. SEM revealed uniform nanoscale particles for PTHCP-2 (mean size 54 nm) and aggregated morphologies for PTHCP-3/4. XPS confirmed incorporation of pyridinic-N (399.3 eV) and phenolic –OH groups, and TGA demonstrated high thermal stability with main degradation above 400 °C. Zeta potentials shifted from +36.3 mV (PTHCP-3) or −6.48 mV (PTHCP-1) to more negative values after reaction, indicating surface interaction with BH4- species. Catalytic tests showed hydrogen generation rates (HGR) up to 34600 mL H2 min-1 gcat-1 (PTHCP-3) with the lowest activation energy (27.22 kJ mol-1). PTHCP-4 retained 95 % of its activity after five cycles, confirming excellent reusability. These results highlight the synergy between surface area, pore structure, and heteroatom functionality in optimizing metal-free catalysts for NaBH4 methanolysis.
Gokkus, K., Ozbal, A., Gür, M., Akalin, S. A., Sebli, H., & Bütün, V. (2025). Triphenylphosphine-functionalized hyper-crosslinked polymers for efficient hydrogen generation via sodium borohydride methanolysis. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 106480.
Four novel hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCP-1 to HCP-4) were synthesized via Friedel–Crafts alkylation using 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl as the crosslinker and various aromatic monomers including triphenylphosphine (TPP). These polymers were designed as metal-free catalysts for hydrogen generation via sodium borohydride methanolysis. Comprehensive characterization using FT-IR, XPS, BET, TGA, SEM, and zeta potential analyses confirmed that the materials possess thermally stable, porous networks with irregular morphologies and distinct surface charges. Under practical conditions, HCP-3 exhibited the highest catalytic activity with a hydrogen generation rate of 9857 mL H2 min−1 g−1 at 303.15 K and the lowest activation energy (Ea = 32.0 kJ mol−1). At elevated temperature (333.15 K), HCP-2 achieved the highest activity (37,200 mL H2 min−1 g−1), reflecting the strong influence of temperature on performance trends. Despite not having the highest surface area or pore volume, the superior activity of HCP-3 at 303.15 K highlights the decisive roles of microporous architecture, electrostatic surface characteristics, and heteroatom functionality. Zeta potential analysis revealed significant reductions in surface charge after reaction, particularly for HCP-3, suggesting strong electrostatic interactions with BH₄− ions. XPS data further confirmed the successful incorporation of TPP and heteroaromatic units, correlating with enhanced catalytic efficiency. Overall, the findings underscore a surface-mediated mechanism where both charge-assisted hydride attraction and structural topology govern hydrogen evolution. The metal-free and reusable nature of these catalysts supports their potential in sustainable hydrogen technologies.
Gokkus, K., Kaya, S., Gür, M., Yildiz, D., Yıldırım, E., Kivrak, H., & Bütün, V. (2025). Catalytic Application of a Zwitterionic Polymeric Network for Hydrogen Generation via Sodium Borohydride Methanolysis. Catalysis Letters, 155(12), 378.
Hydrogen energy is widely regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels. This study focuses on the synthesis of an environmentally friendly zwitterionic polymer catalyst, Poly(Quaternized-2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (P(Q-DMA)), was synthesized and evaluated for the first time as a metal-free catalyst in NaBH4 methanolysis for hydrogen production. Owing to its zwitterionic nature, P(Q-DMA) was designed to interact synergistically with methanol and sodium borohydride through multiple mechanisms, including ion–dipole, ion–ion, and hydrogen-bonding interactions. The structure–function relationship was investigated using surface analysis (BET, SEM and Zeta), chemical characterization (FTIR, TGA), and kinetic modeling. Systematic optimization revealed high catalytic efficiency, achieving a hydrogen generation rate (HGR) of 443.4 mL H2 min−1 gcat−1 and a mass-specific HGR of 8868.4 mL H2 min−1 gcat−1, with a low activation energy (Ea) of 19.91 kJ mol−1. The polymer also exhibited good electrocatalytic activity (0.72 mA cm−2 at 0.8 V in 1 M NaOH + 0.1 M NaBH4) and stable performance during NaBH4 electrooxidation. Importantly, zeta potential values shifted from + 13.1 mV before reaction to − 12.2 mV (unwashed) and − 8.43 mV (washed) after reaction, indicating surface modification by adsorbed borate species. These results highlight P(Q-DMA) as a promising biocompatible, metal-free catalyst for scalable hydrogen production and electrochemical applications, aligning with sustainable and clean energy goals.
Gokkus, K. (2025). New hyper-crosslinked polymers for enhanced CO2 adsorption: Synthesis and characterization. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 45, 102015.
In this study, new hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) were synthesized with 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and p-naphtholbenzeine (NB) with different ratios of 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (BCMBP) through the Fridel-Crafts (FC) method. The polymers were thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) confirming the successful synthesis of HCP-PTCDAs and hyper crosslinked p-naphtholbenzein polymers (HCP-NBs). BET analysis revealed that the maximum surface areas of HCP-PTCDA and HCP-NB were 962 m2 g−1 and 665.4 m2 g−1, respectively. The maximum pore volumes of HCP-PTCDA and HCP-NB were 1.26 cm3 g−1 and 1.90 cm3 g−1, respectively. The enhanced surface area and pore volume of HCP-PTCDAs were attributed to the lack of conformational changes in PTCDA during synthesis. The maximum CO2 adsorption capacities of the two polymers were obtained with HCP-PTCDA/20 and HCP-NB/5 (at 273 K and 1 bar: 2.75 mmol g−1 and 3.28 mmol g−1, respectively). Although the surface area of HCP-NB/5 was three times lower than HCP-PTCDA/20, it showed higher CO2 adsorption performance. Accordingly, these results revealed that pore volume and size distribution were one of the most determining parameters in CO2 adsorption. Compared with the literature, the improved CO2 adsorption performance, especially that of HCP-NB/5, showed that these polymers had relatively high potential.
Tataş Coşkun, F., Gökkuş, K., Görgün, K., Arıcı, M., & Yeşilel, O. Z. (2025). Synthesis, Characterization, and Remarkable Functionalities in Hydrogen Production and Dye Adsorption of 1D Coordination Polymers with 3, 3′-(Thiophene-2, 5-diyl) dibenzoic Acid. Crystal Growth & Design, 25(12), 4185-4203.
Four new 1D coordination polymers─formulated as [Mn2(μ3-tdb)(μ4-tdb)(μ-H2O)(DMF)2]n (1), [Cu(μ4-tdb)(H2O)]n (2), {[Zn2(μ3-tdb)(μ4-tdb)(μ-H2O)(H2O)(DMF)]·DMF}n, (3), and [Cd2(μ4-tdb)(μ4-tdb)(μ-H2O)(DMF)2]n (4) (3,3′-(thiophene-2,5-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H2tdb))─were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The thermal properties and phase purities of complexes 1–4 were investigated by thermal analyses (TG, DTA, and DTA) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques. In complexes 1–4, the central metal ions are bridged by tdb ligands and exhibit 1D linear structures. These 1D chains are extended into a 3D framework by π···π-stacking interactions between the thiophene rings. The coordination polymers were evaluated as adsorbents for the adsorption of Victoria blue B (VBB) dye and catalysts for the production of hydrogen gas via the methanolysis reaction of NaBH4. The results showed superior performance, reaching quite high values reported in the literature, in the adsorption for VBB dye and catalytic activity for hydrogen production with these coordination polymers. These findings demonstrate strong potential for the development of new-generation materials that could provide innovative solutions for environmentally friendly waste removal and sustainable energy production.
Coşkun, F. T., Gökkuş, K., & Yeşilel, O. Z. (2025). Cobalt (II) and Cadmium (II) Metal–Organic Framework with Benzene-1, 3, 5-tricarboxylate and Viologen Guest: Stimuli-Responsive Photochromism, Volatile Amine Detection, and Hydrogen Generation. ACS omega, 10(16), 16938-16951.
Two Co(II) and Cd(II) coordination polymers, {(Me2bipy)[Co5(btc)3(Hbtc)(OH)]·2DMF·9H2O}n (CoMOF) and {(Me2bipy)[Cd2(μ4-btc)2]}n (OGU-2), were synthesized and characterized using IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The Cd1 ion is seven-coordinated, adopting a distorted monocapped trigonal prismatic geometry (CdO7). OGU-2 exhibits a 3D porous framework with a rare flu-3,6-C2/c topology. The framework contains one-dimensional channels along the c axis with dimensions of approximately 10 × 10 Å2. The photochromic behavior of OGU-2 was investigated, revealing excellent chromic properties in response to multiple external stimuli, including UV light, temperature, and organic amines. CoMOF, a coordination polymer reported previously, along with OGU-2, was evaluated as a catalyst for hydrogen gas production via the methanolysis reaction of NaBH4. The results demonstrated that these coordination polymers exhibited high catalytic activity for hydrogen production, comparable to the high values reported in the literature.
Gokkus, K., Arici, M., Sener, N., Tuncer, C., & Akalin, S. A. (2025). CO2 adsorption performance of novel polyaramid-based hyper-crosslinked polymers synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts. Polymer, 324, 128254.
In this study, new hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) were synthesized by crosslinking polyaramids via the Friedel-Crafts (FC) method for the first time. Polyaramids were synthesized using p-phenylenediamine (PDA), 4-aminophenyl ether (APE), and 4-aminophenyl sulfone (APS) and crosslinked with 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene (BCMB) to form HCPs. The synthesized HCPs were characterized using FT-IR, BET, SEM, and TGA. The surface areas of HCPs ranged from 442 to 582 m2 g−1, with pore volumes between 0.50 and 0.61 cm3 g−1. CO2 adsorption experiments demonstrated that HCPs exhibited significant adsorption capacities, with values of 2.25, 2.56, and 2.29 mmol g−1 for HCP-TPC1, HCP-TPC2, and HCP-TPC3, respectively. Despite their moderate surface areas, these values indicated that functional groups within the polymer structures, including amides, amide-ethers, and amide-sulfones, played a critical role in CO2 adsorption. This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing HCPs from polyaramids using the FC method, contributing to developing new efficient CO2 adsorbents.
Gokkus, K., Ozbal, A., Gür, M., Akalin, S. A., & Bütün, V. (2025). Hyperbranched novel functional polymeric catalysts offering new approaches in hydrogen production via NaBH4 methanolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 98, 106-126.
Hydrogen energy is one of the best alternative energy sources for the future. However, there are still difficulties in its production, storage and transportation. This study focused extensively on the hydrogen production via methanolysis of NaBH4. There are two main objectives of this study. First, to reveal the catalytic effects of different functional groups on hydrogen production. Second, to reveal the high performance of polyaramids in hydrogen production. This was achieved by the synthesis and application of three different polyaramid derivative polymers containing amide, amide-ether and amide-sulfone. The polymers were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, BET, TGA and XPS analyzes. The amounts of catalyst (10–50 mg) and NaBH4 (25–175 mg) and various temperatures (0–60 °C) were optimized. The highest hydrogen production rate (HGR) was found 11857 mL H2.min−1gcat−1. In addition, within in the scope of the study, the effect of different functional groups on the methanolysis of NaBH4 was investigated by detailed characterization of polymers before and after each hydrogen production. These characterizations provided new perspectives for the catalytic mechanisms of the catalysts. In summary, this study is very important in two aspects. First, the detailed analyses carried out within the scope of this study explained for the first time the effects of different functional groups on the methanolysis of NaBH4. These analyses led to the emergence of new perspectives in the design of new catalysts. Second, the serious potential of polyaramids as catalysts in the methanolysis of NaBH4 was revealed for the first time.
Kürkçüoğlu, G. S., Kekeç, S., Yeşilel, O. Z., Gökkuş, K., Ünver, H., & Şahin, O. (2025). Heteronuclear cadmium (II)/cobalt (III) cyanide coordination polymers with 1-methylimidazole and 1-ethylimidazole ligands: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activities. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 574, 122400.
Two new heteronuclear Cd(II)/Co(III) compounds, {[Cd(1-meim)3Cd0.5(1-meim)Co(μ-CN)4(CN)2]}n (1) and {[Cd(1-etim)3Cd0.5(1-etim)2Co(μ-CN)3(CN)3]⋅H2O}n (2) (1-meim: 1-methylimidazole, 1-etim = 1-ethylimidazole), have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The single crystal X-ray study shows that the compound 1 exhibited a 1D double chain structure and is further linked into 3D supramolecular architectures through Csingle bondH⋅⋅⋅N and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Whereas the compound 2 displayed 2D network which is extended into a 3D supramolecular framework by Osingle bondH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds and Csingle bondH∙∙∙π interactions. In 1 and 2, each Co(III) ion is coordinated by six carbon atoms from cyanide ligands, thus showing an octahedral coordination geometry. Cd1 and Cd2 ions exhibited two different geometries, distorted trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral. Furthermore, phase purities, catalytic and thermal properties were investigated.
Gokkus, K., Ozbal, A., Senturan, U. M., Gür, M., & Bütün, V. (2024). Synthesis of azo polymers and their catalytic performance in hydrogen production via NaBH4 methanolysis. Materials Research Bulletin, 180, 113009.
The extensive use of fossil fuels has a profound impact on ecosystems and contributes to global warming through the emission of greenhouse gases. To mitigate these effects, alternative energy sources such as hydrogen are crucial. In this study, a green synthesis approach was used to prepare an azo cross-linked polymer containing 4-aminophenyl ether and resorcinol. The synthesized polymer was thoroughly characterized by FT-IR, BET, TGA, Zeta Potential and SEM-EDS analyses. The catalytic performance of the polymer in hydrogen production from NaBH4 via methanolysis was then investigated. Various parameters affecting hydrogen production, including catalyst and NaBH4 amounts, methanol volume and temperature, were systematically investigated to identify the optimum conditions. The polymer exhibited maximum hydrogen generation rate (HGR) of 12,619 mL H2 min⁻¹ gcat⁻¹ at 60 °C, respectively, with an activation energy of 24.22 kJ mol⁻¹. After optimization, the reusability of the polymer was evaluated over five cycles and the theoretical hydrogen generation rates were consistently achieved; however, the hydrogen generation time increased with each subsequent cycle. The primary objective of this research was to highlight novel azo linked polymers with potent catalytic activity in hydrogen generation, demonstrating the significant potential of the polymer to advance hydrogen generation. Ultimately, this study highlights the promising role of azo cross-linked polymers as effective catalysts for hydrogen production, offering new avenues and perspectives towards sustainable energy solutions.
Oter, C., Gokkus, K., Gur, M., & Butun, V. (2024). Polymeric Adsorbent for the Effective Removal of Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Modeling. ChemistrySelect, 9(42), e202403526.
This study investigates the adsorption behavior of anionic (Congo red, Eosin yellow) and cationic (Malachite green) dyes on synthesized TD polymer particles, highlighting the material's potential as an effective adsorbent for industrial wastewater treatment. Key operational parameters, including initial solution's pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature, were systematically evaluated to determine their influence on adsorption efficiency. The experimental data demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit for all three dyes, indicating monolayer adsorption with maximum adsorption capacities of 153.8 mg/g for Malachite green, 49.36 mg/g for Congo red, and 227.9 mg/g for Eosin yellow. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption of Malachite green and Congo red followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, while Eosin yellow adsorption was better described by the intra-particle diffusion model. Thermodynamic assessments, including Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption processes for Malachite green and Eosin yellow, contrasting with the exothermic behavior observed for Congo red. These findings underscore the versatility and effectiveness of TD polymer particles in removing both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Further research could explore material optimization and real-world applications to broaden their utility in sustainable water treatment strategies.
Gokkus, K., Gür, M., & Bütün, V. (2024). Synthesis and characterization of azo cross‐linked polymer as a new catalyst for the production of hydrogen gas by methanolysis of NaBH4. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 141(40), e56051.
The intensive use of fossil fuels has profound impacts on all ecosystems, primarily contributing to global warming through greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate these impacts, alternative energy sources like hydrogen are crucial. In this study, azo cross-linked polymer with 4-aminophenyl sulfone and resorcinol were synthesized by a green synthesis method. The polymer was extensively characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunner-Emmett-Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses. Subsequently, the catalytic performance of the polymer in hydrogen production from NaBH4 via methanolysis was investigated. At this stage, the parameters affecting hydrogen production (catalyst and NaBH4 amounts, MeOH volume and temperature) were systematically studied to determine optimum conditions. The maximum HGR values of the polymer was 13,100 and 27,000 mL min−1 gcat−1 at 30 and 60°C, respectively and its activation energy was 10.45 kJ mol−1. After optimization, the reusability of azo polymer was tested with 5 cycles. The theoretical volume of hydrogen was produced in all 5 cycles. But with each cycle, the hydrogen production time increased. The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate novel azo-linked polymers with high catalytic activity in hydrogen production. The results revealed significant potential of the polymer for hydrogen generation. Overall, this research highlights the promising role of azo cross-linked polymers as effective catalysts for hydrogen production, offering new perspectives and pathways towards sustainable energy solutions.
Gokkus, K., Kaya, S., Yildiz, D., Saka, C., Gür, M., Bütün, V., & Kivrak, H. (2024). Synthesis and characterization of polymer particles as metal‐free catalysts for electrooxidation and methanolysis of sodium borohydride. ChemistrySelect, 9(26), e202304975.
In this study, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether/diethylenetriamine (TD) and glutaraldehyde/diethylenetriamine (GD) polymer particles are synthesized as catalysts for hydrogen production from NaBH4 methanolysis and NaBH4 electrooxidation. SEM, FT-IR and TGA characterization methods are applied to determine the surface morphologies, chemical structures, thermal stability and decomposition of the synthesized polymer particles. The parameters affecting the hydrogen generation rate on NaBH4 methanolysis are investigated and optimum conditions are determined. Under optimum conditions, the hydrogen generation rates of TD and GD polymer particles are obtained as 34903.2 and 97998 mL/min.gcat, respectively. The activation energies of TD and GD polymer particles are also calculated as 16.86 and 18.14 kJ/mol, respectively. The catalytic activities of polymer particles as anode catalysts in NaBH4 electrooxidation are determined by CV, CA, EIS analyses. The specific activities of TD and GD polymer particles are acquired as 0.54 and 0.64 mA/cm2, respectively. These results indicate that the synthesized polymer particles are promising catalysts for electrooxidation and methanolysis of sodium borohydride.
Gokkus, K., Öter, Ç., Amlani, M., Gur, M., & BÜTÜN, V. (2024). Preparation of versatile polymer particles and their application for elimination of bromophenol blue and phenol from aqueous environment. Desalination and Water Treatment, 318.
Cellulose, activated carbon, zeolite, and similar materials have a weak effect against anionic pollutants. Therefore, further modifications are needed for the use of such substances. In this study, polymer particles (GD) that were economical and directly effective against anionic pollutants were synthesized as an alternative. GD particles were synthesized with glutaraldehyde and diethylenetriamine as monomers for the first time. The polymer particles were characterized in detail. Then, GD particles were used in the adsorption of anionic Bromophenol blue (BPB) and phenol (PH). As a result, it was determined that i) the adsorption process between GD particles, Bromophenol blue and phenol was chemisorption, ii) the adsorption of BPB and PH on to GD particles obeyed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic model. pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were determined orderly 4, 50 °C, 300 mg L−1, 10 mg, and 180 mins for BPB and 5, 50 °C, 10 mg L−1, 15 mg, and 30 mins for PH. The maximum adsorption capacities of GD polymer particles for BPB and PH were ascertained as 136.40 mg g−1 and 98.26 mg g−1, respectively. As a result, it was produced economical, simple, feasible, and functional adsorbents against anionic pollutants.
Gokkus, K., Sengel, S. B., Yildirim, Y., Hasanbeyoglu, S., & Butun, V. (2023). Amine-functionalised poly (glycidyl methacrylate) hydrogels for Congo red adsorption. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 18(4), 204-214.
Dyes are one of the most common pollutants in wastewater due to their widespread use. Therefore, to protect aquatic ecosystems, dyes must be treated in situ and/or in vivo. In this study, poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) gels were synthesized. PGMA gels were subsequently modified with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) containing different numbers and lengths of amino groups to obtain PGMA–NH2 hydrogels. Finally, these hydrogels were used for the adsorption of Congo red (CR). Adsorption studies were carried out according to the batch adsorption procedure. From the study, the contact time was found to be 40 min and the highest adsorption capacities of 196 and 147 mg/g for PGMA–DETA and PGMA–TEPA were reached, respectively. Isotherm and kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption obeys the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order equation. The CR dye is an anionic indicator dye. These results showed that PGMA–NH2 hydrogels have significant potential for efficient adsorption of anionic dyes.
